Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism is a philosophy that focuses on experience and context. It might not have a clear set of foundational principles or a cohesive ethical framework. This could result in a loss of idealistic aspirations and a shift in direction.
Contrary to deflationary theories of truth and pragmatic theories of truth don't reject the notion that statements correlate to current events. They simply explain the roles that truth plays in our daily tasks.
Definition
The word pragmatic is used to describe people or things that are practical, rational and sensible. It is often contrasted with idealistic which is an idea that is based on ideals or high principles. A pragmatic person looks at the actual world conditions and circumstances when making decisions, focusing on what can realistically be accomplished rather than seeking to determine the most optimal theoretical course of action.
Pragmatism is a new philosophical movement that stresses the importance of practical consequences in the determination of truth, meaning or value. It is an alternative in contrast to the dominant continental and analytical traditions. It was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James with Josiah Royce as its founding fathers, pragmatism evolved into two competing streams that tended towards relativism, the other towards realist thought.
One of the most important issues in pragmatism concerns the nature of truth. While many pragmatists agree truth is an important concept, they are not sure what it means and how it is used in the real world. One approach, heavily influenced by Peirce & James, is focused on how people solve questions and make assertions and gives precedence to speech-acts and justification projects that users of language use to determine whether something is true. Another method that is that is influenced by Rorty and his followers, concentrates on the comparatively simple functions of truth, namely its ability to generalize, admonish and avert danger. It is also less concerned with a full-fledged theory of truth.
This neopragmatic view of the truth has two flaws. First, it flirts with relativism. Truth is a concept that has an extensive and long-standing history that it's unlikely its meaning could be reduced to everyday use as pragmatists would do. Furthermore, pragmatism seems dismiss the existence of truth in its metaphysical form. This is reflected in the fact that pragmatists, such as Brandom (who owes a debt to Peirce and James) are mostly absent from metaphysics-related questions, while Dewey's extensive writings have only one reference to the issue of truth.
Purpose
The purpose of pragmatism was to provide an alternative to analytic and Continental traditions of philosophy. Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1860-1916) were the first to introduce it's first generation. The classical pragmatists were focused on theorizing inquiry about meaning, meaning and the nature of truth. Their influence was felt by numerous influential American thinkers, including John Dewey (1860-1952), who applied their ideas to education and social improvement in other dimensions. Jane Addams (1860-1935), who founded social work, also benefited from this influence.
Recently, a new generation of philosophers has given pragmatism a larger platform for discussion. Although they differ from the traditional pragmatists, a lot of these neo-pragmatists consider themselves to be part of the same tradition. Robert Brandom is their main figure. His work is centered on semantics and philosophy of language, but draws inspiration from the philosophy of Peirce, James, and others.
Neopragmatists have a distinct conception of what it takes for an idea to be real. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. Neo-pragmatists focus instead on the notion of 'ideal justified assertibility', which says that an idea is true if it can be justified to a particular audience in a certain way.
There are, however, some issues with this theory. It is often criticized for being used to support unfounded and ridiculous theories. The gremlin hypothesis is an illustration: It's a good idea that is effective in practice but is unsubstantiated and likely untrue. This is not an insurmountable problem however, it does point out one of the biggest flaws in pragmatism that it can be used to justify nearly everything, which is the case for many ridiculous ideas.
Significance
When making decisions, the term "practical" refers to considering the world as it is and its surroundings. It may be a reference to the philosophical position that emphasizes practical considerations in the determining of truth, meaning, or value. William James (1842-1910) first used the term "pragmatism" to describe this viewpoint in a lecture at the University of California, Berkeley. James claimed to have coined the term along with his mentor and colleague Charles Sanders Peirce, but the pragmatist perspective soon gained its own name.
The pragmatists resisted the sharp dichotomies of analytic philosophy, such as truth and value thoughts and experiences mind and body synthetic and analytic, and so on. They also rebuffed the idea of truth as something that is fixed or objective, instead describing it as a continuously evolving socially-determined notion.
Classical pragmatists focused primarily on theorizing inquiry, meaning and the nature of truth, though James put these themes to work exploring truth in religion. A second generation shifted the pragmatist view of politics, education and other dimensions of social improvement, under the great influence of John Dewey (1859-1952).
In recent decades, the Neopragmatists have sought to place the pragmatism in a larger Western philosophical context. They have identified the connections between Peirce's ideas and those of Kant and other idealists of the 19th century and the new theory of evolution. They have also sought to understand the role of truth in a traditional epistemology of a posteriori and to formulate a pragmatic metaphilosophy that includes an understanding of meaning, language, and the nature of knowledge.
Nevertheless, pragmatism has continued to evolve and the a posteriori epistemology it developed is still regarded as an important departure from more traditional methods. The pragmatic theory has been criticized for centuries however, in recent years it has been receiving more attention. Some of them include the notion that pragmatism is ineffective when applied to moral questions and that its claim "what works" is nothing more than relativism that has an unpolished appearance.
Methods
For Peirce his pragmatic understanding of truth was a key part of his epistemological approach. He believed it was an attempt to debunk false metaphysical notions like the Catholic understanding transubstantiation and Cartesian certainty searching strategies in epistemology.
For a lot of modern pragmatists the Pragmatic Maxim is all that one can reasonably expect from the theory of truth. They tend to avoid deflationist claims of truth that need to be verified in order to be valid. They advocate an alternative approach they call "pragmatic explanation". This is the process of explaining how an idea is utilized in practice and identifying requirements that must be met in order to recognize it as true.
It should be noted that this approach could be seen as a form of relativism, and indeed is often criticized for doing so. But it is less extreme than deflationist alternatives and thus is a great method of overcoming some of the issues associated with relativism theories of truth.
In the end, various philosophical liberation projects like those relating to eco-feminism, feminism, Native American philosophy and Latin American philosophy - currently look to the pragmatist tradition as guidance. Quine for instance, is an analytical philosopher who has taken on the pragmatist tradition in a way Dewey could not.
Although pragmatism has a long tradition, it is crucial to recognize that there are also some fundamental flaws with the philosophy. In particular, pragmatism is unable to provide any real test of truth, and it collapses when applied to moral questions.
프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 , Wilfrid Solars and other pragmatists have also criticized the philosophy. However, it has been reclaimed from obscurity by a diverse range of philosophers, such as Richard Rorty, Cornel West and Robert Brandom. These philosophers, despite not being classical pragmatists themselves are influenced by the philosophy and work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein. These philosophers' works are well worth reading by anyone interested in this philosophical movement.